{"id":8710,"date":"2024-08-11T12:05:23","date_gmt":"2024-08-11T12:05:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/?page_id=8710"},"modified":"2024-08-12T01:40:37","modified_gmt":"2024-08-12T01:40:37","slug":"charles-osondu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/charles-osondu\/","title":{"rendered":"Charles Osondu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8710\" class=\"elementor elementor-8710\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5c2cef2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5c2cef2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f9e8521\" data-id=\"f9e8521\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-352fba5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"352fba5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6040590\" data-id=\"6040590\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ff4def elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ff4def\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.18.0 - 20-12-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<h5><strong>TITLE:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/h5><p><a href=\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/\"><strong>Linkages between Inflation, Exchange Rates, Finance and Non-Performing Loans: Evidence from Low-and Middle-Income Countries<\/strong><\/a><\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>AUTHORS:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Fausat I. Orugun, Manasseh, Charles Osondu, Onwumere, J.U.J Iyodo Baba Yaro, Emmanuel I. John, Oyedele Olorutumba<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>DOI<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/13294030\">10.5281\/zenodo.13294030<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Page:\u00a0 \u00a055-75<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u00a0Vol:<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"> 19\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Issue:<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"> 08\u00a0 <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Year:<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"> 2024<\/span><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3235\" src=\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/creative-commons-cc-character-785334-300x300.png\" alt=\"creative commons, cc, character-785334.jpg\" width=\"26\" height=\"26\" srcset=\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/creative-commons-cc-character-785334-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/creative-commons-cc-character-785334-1022x1024.png 1022w, https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/creative-commons-cc-character-785334-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/creative-commons-cc-character-785334-768x769.png 768w, https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/creative-commons-cc-character-785334.png 1278w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 26px) 100vw, 26px\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1242\" src=\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/kjk-e1687889230616-300x14.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/kjk-e1687889230616-300x14.png 300w, https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/kjk-e1687889230616-768x36.png 768w, https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/kjk-e1687889230616.png 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p><p><strong>ABSTRACT<\/strong><\/p><p>This study explored the linkages between inflation, exchange rates, finance and non-performing loans in low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2022. Indicators such as non-performing loans (% GDP) was used to measure non-performing loan, while other variables are inflation rate, interest rate, digital financial measures such as automated teller machines, point of sale, mobile banking, mobile money, and electronic banking were used to measure finance, while we control for financial deepening and interest rate. These variables were estimated using the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model as the baseline, and panel fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) as the robustness checks. Findings from the ARDL results that inflation rate has significant impacts on the non-performing loans in low- and middle-income countries, while the exchange rate and finance have significant positive impacts on non-performing loans in low- and middle-income countries and these findings are similar to the results findings from the robustness checks models FMOLS and DOLS models. Thus, we recommend that to albeit non-performing loans (NPL) in low- and middle-income countries can be effectively reduced if the authorities improve the macroeconomic conditions of the countries monetary policy tools such as inflation rate, interest rate and exchange rate. This would aid in achieving economic stabilization, aid in reviving the overall well-being of households and other economic agents, improve per capita income since the economies would be very productive and lead to reduction in the non-performing loans (NPL).<\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Keywords:<\/strong><\/p><p>Non-performing loans, Inflation, Exchange Rate, Finance<\/p><p><a href=\"#\"><strong>Received<\/strong>:<\/a> 20 July 2024<\/p><p><a href=\"#\"><strong>Accepted:<\/strong><\/a> 06 August 2024<\/p><p><a href=\"#\"> <strong>Published:<\/strong><\/a> 12 August 2024<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1c17b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"f1c17b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Charles-Osondu12r.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon elementor-align-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-file-pdf\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">PDF<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55bd3a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"55bd3a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ec3e7cc\" data-id=\"ec3e7cc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92b8e6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"92b8e6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.18.0 - 20-12-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/ddds-e1688811920951-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-2318\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>TITLE:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Linkages between Inflation, Exchange Rates, Finance and Non-Performing Loans: Evidence from Low-and Middle-Income Countries \u00a0AUTHORS:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Fausat I. Orugun, Manasseh, Charles Osondu, Onwumere, J.U.J Iyodo Baba Yaro, Emmanuel I. John, Oyedele Olorutumba DOI: 10.5281\/zenodo.13294030\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Page:\u00a0 \u00a055-75\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0Vol: 19\u00a0 \u00a0 Issue: 08\u00a0 Year: 2024 \u00a0 &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/charles-osondu\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Charles Osondu<\/span> Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8710","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Charles Osondu - Seybold Report Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Seybold Report Journal \u200bis an Interdisciplinary research journal in the fields of Business, Management, Entrepreneurship, Law, Computer Science &amp; Engineering, Agriculture &amp; its allied fields, and Economic sciences.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/charles-osondu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Charles Osondu - Seybold Report Journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Seybold Report Journal \u200bis an Interdisciplinary research journal in the fields of Business, Management, Entrepreneurship, Law, Computer Science &amp; Engineering, Agriculture &amp; its allied fields, and Economic sciences.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/charles-osondu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Seybold Report Journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-08-12T01:40:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/creative-commons-cc-character-785334-300x300.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/charles-osondu\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/charles-osondu\/\",\"name\":\"Charles Osondu - Seybold Report Journal\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2024-08-11T12:05:23+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-08-12T01:40:37+00:00\",\"description\":\"Seybold Report Journal \u200bis an Interdisciplinary research journal in the fields of Business, Management, Entrepreneurship, Law, Computer Science & Engineering, Agriculture & its allied fields, and Economic sciences.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/charles-osondu\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/charles-osondu\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/charles-osondu\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Charles Osondu\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/\",\"name\":\"Seybold Report Journal\",\"description\":\"Seybold Report Journal\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"Seybold Report Journal\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Seybold Publications\",\"alternateName\":\"Seybold Report Journal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/cropped-Screenshot-2022-12-27-112122.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/cropped-Screenshot-2022-12-27-112122.png\",\"width\":485,\"height\":240,\"caption\":\"Seybold Publications\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Charles Osondu - Seybold Report Journal","description":"Seybold Report Journal \u200bis an Interdisciplinary research journal in the fields of Business, Management, Entrepreneurship, Law, Computer Science & Engineering, Agriculture & its allied fields, and Economic sciences.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/charles-osondu\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Charles Osondu - Seybold Report Journal","og_description":"Seybold Report Journal \u200bis an Interdisciplinary research journal in the fields of Business, Management, Entrepreneurship, Law, Computer Science & Engineering, Agriculture & its allied fields, and Economic sciences.","og_url":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/charles-osondu\/","og_site_name":"Seybold Report Journal","article_modified_time":"2024-08-12T01:40:37+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/creative-commons-cc-character-785334-300x300.png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/charles-osondu\/","url":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/charles-osondu\/","name":"Charles Osondu - Seybold Report Journal","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/#website"},"datePublished":"2024-08-11T12:05:23+00:00","dateModified":"2024-08-12T01:40:37+00:00","description":"Seybold Report Journal \u200bis an Interdisciplinary research journal in the fields of Business, Management, Entrepreneurship, Law, Computer Science & Engineering, Agriculture & its allied fields, and Economic sciences.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/charles-osondu\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/charles-osondu\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/charles-osondu\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Charles Osondu"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/","name":"Seybold Report Journal","description":"Seybold Report Journal","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/#organization"},"alternateName":"Seybold Report Journal","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/#organization","name":"Seybold Publications","alternateName":"Seybold Report Journal","url":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/cropped-Screenshot-2022-12-27-112122.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/cropped-Screenshot-2022-12-27-112122.png","width":485,"height":240,"caption":"Seybold Publications"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8710","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8710"}],"version-history":[{"count":49,"href":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8710\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8844,"href":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8710\/revisions\/8844"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/seybold-report.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8710"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}